31-40-adjetivos descriptivos and nationalities by mbahen

Los adjetivos descriptivos y de nacionalidades: listen to the audio and choose the logically corresponds to the audio. Watch for gender and number.

31.      a. bajo                        b. gordo                     c. inteligente

32.      a. gordo                     b. viejo                       c. joven

33.      a. guapa                     b. gordas                   c. guapas

34.      a. gorda                     b. inteligente             c. guapa

35.      a. simpático              b. moreno                 c. trabajador

36.      a. canadiense                        b. mexicanos             c. puertorriqueño

37.      a. ecuatoriano           b. ecuatorianas         c. ingles

38.      a. mexicana               b. mexicanas             c. mexicano

39.      a. española                b. español                  c. españoles

40.      a. alemana                 b. francés                   c. inglés         

 

  41-50 Micelaneus by mbahen

Causas y consecuencias: listen to the spoken causes and then choose the logical consequence.

 

41.      a. quiero comer pizza          b. voy a nadar                       c. juego

42.      a. juego mucho                     b. voy a tomar Gatorade     c. piscina

43.      a. escalo montanas  b. tengo que estudiar hoy   c. leer el periódico

44.      a. vamos a la cafetería      b. correr en los tracks                        c. visitar el estadio

45.      a. tiene que estudiar         b. hablamos mucho               c. es difícil

46.      a. voy a la biblioteca            b. visito mis padres             c. voy a la cafetería

47.      a. para ver película   b. ver el arte                                      c. para cenar

48.      a. para nadar             b. para hablar español                     c. para ver la televisión

49.      a. para jugar baloncesto      b. para ver monumentos    c. para hacer tarea

50.      a. duermo ocho horas        b. ve películas                                    c. hacemos la tarea

 

  51-60 - go-go verbs by mbahen

Yo también/Me too or I also: Listening to the following statements about Roberto. And then respond by circling the letter that says that you do the same thing. (Domingo verbs and especial ver verbs)

 

51.      Yo también …

a. tengo la tarea       b. hacemos la tare               c. hago la tarea

 

52.      Yo también …           

a. salo a las ocho de la mañana    

b. salgo a las ocho de la mañana 

c. tengo la las ocho de la mañana

 

53.      Yo también …

a. traigo mi computadora    b. trao mi computadora      c. pongo mi computadora

 

54.      Yo también …

a. vengo la televisión           b. pongo la televisión           c. pono la televisión

 

55.      Yo también…

a. veo películas de horror               b. ve películas de horror      c. vo película de horror

 

56.      Yo también…

a. oio el programa rock en español         

b. oyemos el programa rock en español

c. oigo el programa rock en español 

 

57.      Yo también…

a. pongo buena actitud                   b. tengo buena actitud       c. teno buena actitud

 

58.      Yo también …

a. oigo que hago buen trabajo          

b. supongo que hago buen trabajo

c. supono que haco buen trabajo

 

59.      Yo también…

a. llegamos temprano a la universidad            

b. llego temprano a la universidad

c. llegan temprano a la universidad

 

60.      Yo también…

a. vengo todos los días a la universidad        

b. vengo todos lso días a la universidad

c. veno todos los días a la universidad

 

  60-65 -Gimnasio Sanson by mbahen

Escuchar: read the statements. Then listen to the radio commercial and indicate whether each statement is cierto or falso bout gymnasium Sanson.

61.      En el Gimnasio Sanson  tienen clases de tenis.

 a.     cierto                                        b. falso

 

62.      En el Gimnasio Sanson las clases empiezan a las nueve.

a.         cierto                                     b. falso

 

63.      En el Gimnasio Sanson  cierran a las diez de la noche.

a.         cierto                                     b. falso

 

64.      En el Gimnasio Sanson hay clases todos los días.

a.         cierto                                     b. falso

 

65.      En el Gimnasio Sanson te dan (they give you) una pelota de fútbol si vas ahora.

       a.     cierto                                  b. falso

 

  66-70 Jueves and Viernes verbs by mbahen

Jueves and Viernes Verbs (Stem-Changing Verbs): choose the letter that answers the question (1) logically in (2) the correct stem-changing verb:

 

66.      Listen to the question

a.         Yo prefiero comer una hamburguesa

b.         Yo prefero comer una hamburguesa

c.         Yo prefiero ir a la biblioteca

 

67.      Listen to the question

a.         Mi perro dorme cinco horas

b.         Mi perro duerme cinco horas

c.         Mi perro come pizza

 

68.      Listen to the question

a.         Mis amigas no queren ver la televisión

b.         Mis amigas no queren comprar comida

c.         Mis amigas no quieren ver la televisión

 

69.      Listen to the question

a.         Nosotros almorzamos en la cafetería

b.         Nosotros almuerzamos en la cafetería

c.         Nosotros almorzamos en la televisión

 

70.      Listen to the question

a.         Yo entendo mucho español

b.         Yo entiendo la computadora

c.         Yo entiendo español

 

Possessive adjectives: choose the appropriate letter that translates the possessive adjective

 

71.      María is looking for her sister.

a.         María buscan a sus hermana

b.         María busca a su hermana

c.         María busca a tu hermana

 

72.      Juan is looking for his sisters.

a.         Juan busca a sus hermanas

b.         Juan busca a su hermana

c.         Juan busca a nuestra hermana

 

73.      They are looking for their father.

a.         Ellos buscan a su padre

b.         Ellos buscan a nuestra padre

c.         Ellos buscan a nuestro padre

 

74.      Your parents are looking for your sister.

a.         Tus padres busca a tus hermana

b.         Mis hermanos buscan a su hermana

c.         Tus padres buscan a tu hermana

 

75.      Our books are many.

a.         Nuestra libros son muchos

b.         Nuestros libros son muchos

c.         Nuestro libro es mucho

 

Escoger: Select the item that does not belong.

 

76.      a. la patineta             b. la bicicleta           c. la natación

77.      a. el equipo               b. el golf                     c. el hockey

78.      a. la iglesia                 b. el parque               c. el museo

79.      a. pasear en bicicleta           b. patinar en línea    c. jugar videojuegos

80.      a. el periódico           b. el videojuego        c. la revista

81.      a. tomar el sol           b. ver películas          c. la pelota

82.      a. el deportista         b. el atleta                 c. restaurante

83.      a. leer periódico        b. el béisbol               c. el ciclismo

84.      a. ir de excursión      b. escribir una carta c. escribir un mensaje electrónico

85.      a. el café                    b. el centro                c. el restaurante

 

Lectura: Read Victoria’s e-mail, and then answer the questions.

 

Hola, Marcela:

 

Hay un complejo deportivo (sports complex) que está al lado del estadio. Voy todos los fines de semana al complejo deportivo porque puedo hacer muchas actividades. Este fin de semana hay partidos de tenis, fútbol y baloncesto para niños y adultos. También hay paseos en bicicleta por el parque todas las mañanas. Yo nado por las tardes en la piscina. Varias chicas de la universidad también vienen los fines de semana. Puedes practicar todos los deportes menos (but) golf. Si quieres, te consigo una invitación.

Hasta pronto,

 

86.      ¿Dónde practica deportes Victoria?

a. en el estadio         

b. en el complejo deportivo     

c. en el parque

 

87.      ¿Qué pasa este fin de semana?

a.  hay partidos de tenis y fútbol 

b.  hay exhibición de golf                           

c.  hay excursiones

 

88.      ¿Cuándo hay paseos en bicicleta?

a. todas las noches                                     

b. los fines de semana                    

c. todas las mañanas

 

89.      ¿Qué hace Victoria por las tardes?

a. pasea en bicicleta                       

b. juega al béisbol                           

c. nada en la piscina

 

90.      ¿Qué deporte no puedes practicar en el complejo deportivo?

a. el baloncesto                               

b. el golf                                                       

c. la natación

 

91.      ¿Qué puede conseguir Victoria para Marcela?

a.  una invitación                            

b. una bicicleta                                

c. una piscina

 

Regular verbs: Choose the letter that conjugates the following regular verbs, according to the appropriate subject/person.

 

                Julieta_________________a la universidad a las 8:00 porque

92.      a. llego                       b. llegamos                c. llega

 

ella____________estar temprano (early) hoy. Después de hablar con su profesor,

93.      a. necesitamos          b. necesitan               c. necesita

 

 Julieta y sus amigos___________________en la cafetería el desayuno (breakfast).

94.      a. comemos               b. comen                   c. como

 

Yo y Julieta_________________en el dormitorio de la universidad. Las dos—

95.      a. vivimos                  b. viven                      c. vivo

 

Julieta y yo— ______________ un cuarto en la residencia estudiantil.

96.      a. comparto              b. compartimos        c. comparten

 

Yo____________los periódicos todos los días por las mañanas. A Julieta le gusta la

97.      a. leemos                   b. lee                          c. leo

 

literatura. Ella  (98)__________poemas mientras yo (99)________ mi teléfono. En la

98.      a. escribo                   b. escribimos            c. escribe

99.      a. veo                         b. vemos                    c. ven 

 

noche, nosotros ________________por skype con los amigos.

100.    a. hablo                      b. hablan        c. hablamos

             

 

Professor Name:	Dr. Mario Bahena		Office:	HUM 127
Office Phone:	704-378-3586	Email:		mbahena@jcsu.edu
Office Hours:    M      2:00-3:00    W F  12:00-1:0 PM   TTH  12:00 -1:30 or by appointment	If you can’t make it during these hours, sent me an email to meet other convenient times.

Course Information:

Course Number/Section	SPA 131	Course Title	Elementary Spanish I
Semester/Year	FALL 2011	Class Location	HUM      112
Days	MWF	Time	1

 

YOUR VISTAS SUPERSITE CODE:_________________________

This syllabus is contract between the student and the professor. By staying in the class, the student agrees to be evaluated by the syllabus’ stipulations.

Course Pre-requisites, Co-requisites and/or Other Restrictions:

            None

Course Description:

SPANISH 131 or Elementary Spanish I is a three credit hour course. This is an introductory course in the fundamental communicative skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. It is an interactive classroom approach that emphasizes the application of language to concrete situations through the use of essential vocabulary and structures.  It is also an introduction to the appreciation of Hispanic culture. 

Methods of Teaching:

A variety of methods will be utilized; however a communicative approach to the target language and culture will be emphasized overall. The following activities will be employed throughout the semester:

      1.  Contextualized oral explanations sometimes using the blackboard.

      2.  Reading

      3.  Watching Videos

      4.  Oral Drills

      5.  Role-Playing

      6.  Group work and discussions

      7.   Educational Games

      8.   Projects/Presentations

 

Student Learning Objectives/Program Outcomes:

(1)   The main goal of this course is to help students establish a basic communication in the target language, to be able to understand and be understood in the target language at the Novice Level according to the ACTFL Standards.

(2)  This course will help the student to understand written and spoken expressions using basic grammatical structures at the Novice Level.

(3)  The purpose of this course is to bring the student to the Novice Level of oral proficiency, where they may begin to communicate using memorized material and get by in survival situations.

(4)  Spanish 131 is designed to develop the necessary communicative skills, such as lis tening, speaking, writing, and reading as well as an understanding of the target culture and its' people.

(5)  This course along with Spanish 132  will satisfy the University’s Liberal Studies foreign

             language requirement.

(6)  This course will also provide students the opportunity to be exposed to various aspects

               of Hispanic culture, as it is portrayed in movies, music, painting, literature, food, etc.

 

Student will be able to:

1). Demonstrate knowledge about society, diversity, the world, and related

      responsibilities.  (Liberal Studies Goal)

2). Demonstrate the ability to apply practical skills in critical thinking, reading, writing,

     speaking , quantitative reasoning, and information technology. (Liberal Studies Goal)

3). Engage in active and collaborative learning. (QEP Goal)

4). Engage in critical thinking activities. (QEP Goal)

 

Required Textbooks and Materials:

 

(1). VISTAS: Introducción a la lengua Española. Fourth Edition. 2011. J.A. Blanco, P.R. Donley. Vista Higher Learning

      Learning. ISBN: 978-1-61767-058-9

(2) Vista Supersite Access Code

 

The textbook and codes are available at the bookstore and online at: http://www.vhldirect.com

 

Suggested Course/Resource Materials:

Spanish-English/English-Spanish Dictionary, computers, materials needed for projects or presentations, World Wide Web pages, hands-outs, newspapers, journals, videos, music, etc.

 

Assignments & Academic Calendar:

See Appendix B

Professor’s Grading Policy:

 100 – 90 pts. = A                           69-60pts. = D

  89 – 80 pts. = B                            59-50pts.  = F

  79 – 70 pts. = C

 

IX. ATTENDANCE POLICY

Class attendance is required for all JCSU students. You are allowed as many hours of absence per term, as the total number of credit hours you receive for this course: 3.This policy does not apply to internships and student teaching. You are expected to attend all classes and not be absent except for under extenuating circumstances. This must be indicated by obtaining the necessary documentation from the Office of Student Affairs. Each unexcused absence beyond the 3 hours will be penalized. Your grade will be dropped one letter grade for additional unexcused absences. No exceptions!

 

X. Procedures:

A. It is mandatory for each student to come to class on time and bring their VISTAS textbook.  Students without these texts are not allowed in class. Keep this in mind!

B.  It is your responsibility to make up all homework you missed due to your excused absences. Make-up work for unexcused absences will not be accepted. You are required to have two or three e-mail addresses and/or phone numbers of classmates in order to ask them about the class and assigned homework you missed.

C. If you already have three absences and suddenly get ill; in order to not be penalized, you must call the Office of Students Affairs ext. 1040, and get the necessary documentation in order to prove you were under medical treatment.

D. If you exceed the maximum number of 3 absences, without the prior requirement, your grade will drop a letter grade.

E. You are allowed to make up tests or quizzes you missed, only if you provide a documented excuse from Student Affairs. However, it is your responsibility to come to the professor during Office Hours.

F. Tardiness:  Please try not to arrive to class more than 10 minutes late or leave the class more than 10 minutes early (without prior approval from the Professor).  Three unexcused tardies or days leaving class early count for one absence!

G. Dress Professionally.   This means no headgear or other inappropriate clothing that will cause unnecessary attention to one.

H. Electronics. All cell phones must be turned off during class! No text messaging!  Students are not allowed to leave the classroom to answer phone calls. Please leave all personal entertainment systems at home or make sure they are turned off and put away where they are not seen during class.

 

1.       Cell phones must be placed in bags and turned-off once class has begun.  Students who engage in text messaging (or leaving class extended moments to answer phone calls) during class will be asked to leave and/or will receive an absence for the class day.

2.      Cell phones, two-way pagers or any electronic communication device must be left in an inconspicuous place (preferably in school bags, pockets, or on my desk) during exams.  Students who communicate on these devices during quizzes, exams, or class presentations will receive an F for a grade.

3.      Please inform me of dire emergencies before class

 

I. Laptop policy:

Laptops will only be permitted during specific classes. The professor will let you know when to bring the laptop for class. Otherwise refrain from using the laptop during class.   

 

J. Expected that the students will:

Bring book and paper to EVERY class

No sleeping in class

Not play games when we use laptops for classroom work

K.  Food and Drinks.  Not permitted in class.  (Bottled water only)

 

Students may be asked to leave class if they fail to comply with any of these rules!

 

XI. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR

Academic excellence demands that students maintain appropriate behavior at all times on Campus, and most importantly in the classroom.  Johnson C. Smith University will not tolerate disruptive behavior by students or condone any behavior by students or professors, which incites such behavior. Disruptive behavior is defined here as any behavior which causes disorder or turmoil to exist in the classroom. See JCSU Student Handbook, p. 113. You are all young adults and will be considered as such in this classroom, unless your behavior indicates otherwise. In other words, be respectful, do not speak while the professor is speaking, clean up after yourselves and remember to treat others as you want to be treated.

 

XII. JOHNSON C. SMITH UNIVERSITY HONOR CODE

The following University Honor Code is enforced by the Office of Academic Affairs and the University Judiciary Board:

“I pledge that this work is my own and I will not cheat, or represent the words,

ideas, or project of others as my own. I further pledge that I will not engage in

academic dishonesty, which includes lying, stealing or assisting others in

misrepresenting their work. As a member of the student body at Johnson C.

Smith, I also pledge to report all violations of the Honor Code that I observe

in others, I understand that violations of the Honor Code are subject to

disciplinary procedures by the University.”

 

 

XIII.  EVALUATION

Assessment: Assessment and testing procedures will be representative of the type of language

instruction offered through classroom activities. You will be evaluated based on your achievement of

the program and course objectives and the following components:

 

                                                                                   

Participation & Class work

Every three weeks, throughout this course, you will get a chance to “self-assess” your participation. Your participation involves a number of variables, including, but not limited to the following:

• Your use of Spanish in the classroom

-greeting people and taking leave using Spanish

-using Spanish during class (i.e. with instructor and in small groups), when asking and

responding to questions related (or not related) to the material at hand, when engaged in

casual conversation with classmates or instructor…

• Your willingness to participate in all class activities

• Your cooperation during group- and pair-work

• Your respect and attitude toward the class and toward your peers

 Please note: your instructor reserves the right to raise or lower your self-assessed participation grade if he/she feels that it does not adequately reflect your level of participation.

Online Student Activities Manual

 Make sure you plan ahead of time to complete all your assignments on time and prevent that technological mishaps compromise your grade.  This is a Requirement of this course and No exceptions will be made!

 

Exams

There will be two cumulative written Chapter Exams assessing your comprehension of the material discussed in class and covered on the Supersite. They will cover all material previously handled, but will focus on the most recent chapter. No make-up test or quizzes will be given without a documented excuse. Documentation must be presented within 48 hours of an absence in order for an exam to be made up. Exams are not curved.

 

A midterm and final exam will be given to assess student’s knowledge of the material learned throughout the semester.  The midterm exam will cover chapters 1-2 and the final exam will cover everything learned from chapters 1-4.

 CAVEAT: Extenuating circumstances may require changes in part of this syllabus, especially in the course calendar, which will be determined by the needs of the class.

JCSU Standard Procedures/Policies:

All information below can be found in your Academic Catalog and are reiterated here to ensure additional understanding and compliance.  While each course has its specific rules as listed in your Syllabus provided by your Professor, both standards are to be adhered to for success while matriculating at Johnson C. Smith University.

 

Attendance

Class attendance is required for all JCSU students.  Each student is allowed as many hours of absence per term as credit hour(s) received (not to exceed 4) for the class.  The policy does not apply to internships and student teaching.  Attendance policies for these classes will be determined by the offering department.  A student is expected to attend all classes and not be absent without adequate cause.  It is the responsibility of the student to make up scheduled work missed because of class absences.  Absence from unannounced tests and other assignments may be made up at the discretion of the Instructor.  Students who exceed the maximum number of absences may receive a failing grade for the course.

Instructors are expected to explain the attendance requirements at the beginning of the semester and to include these requirements in the course syllabus issued to the students.  Instructors are required to maintain accurate attendance records on all students and, if requested, to report to the Vice President of Academic Affairs the student who exceeds the number of absences allowed in that class according to the University’s Class Attendance Policy.

 

Grading Scale

The University’s grading symbols are:

Grade	Score	Status	Points Acquired
A	90-100	Excellent	4
B	80-89	Good	3
C	70-79	Fair	2
D	60-69	Poor	1
F	59 & below	Failed	0
I		Incomplete	0
P		Pass	0
W		Withdrawn	0

 

Grade Appeal System

A student may appeal the final grade received in a course.  The student must initiate with the instructor involved the grade appeal process to determine if there has been an error or some misunderstanding about the quality of the work in the course.  If this discussion does not prove satisfactory, the student may take the matter to the department chair and subsequently to the Dean of the College.  If it is not resolved, a grade appeal must be initiated within 30 days after the beginning of the next semester after the one in which the final grade in question was received; otherwise, the grade in question will stand.  The University will resolve any adequately filed formal written appeal within 30 days.

 

Incomplete Grade Policy

The University reserves the right to have decisions regarding grading and promotion made by the exercise of the sound discretion of the University faculty.  Students receive a final grade or a grade of Incomplete (I) in each course.

If a faculty member has made an error in assigning the final grade, the faculty member may initiate a “Change of Grade” form with the appropriate documentation.

If a student received and Incomplete, the “I” may be removed upon completion of the incomplete work.  Incomplete work must be made up within the first six weeks of the following semester in which the student enrolls for courses at JCSU.

 

Copyright Notice

The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials, including music and software.  Copying, displaying, reproducing or distributing copyrighted works my infringe the copyright owner’s rights and such infringement is subject to appropriate disciplinary action as well as criminal penalties provided by federal law.  Usage of such material is only appropriate when that usage constitutes “fair use” under the Copyright Act.

 

Withdrawal Process

Students may officially withdraw from the University up to the last day designated on the University calendar to drop classes.  Before initiating the withdrawal process, students should consult their advisor to discuss the reason(s) for the withdrawal and to develop a plan for the completion of the degree.

To withdraw from the University, a student must obtain a withdrawal form from the Office of Financial Aid or download one from the JCSU Web site (www.jcsu.edu.) The student should complete the form and take it to the Office of Financial Aid where a representative of the Financial Office will sign the form and send a copy of the completed withdrawal to the Office of the Registrar, where the form will be placed in the student’s permanent record.  Failure to properly withdraw from the University will result in a grade of “F” for all courses for which the student enrolled that semester.

 

Student Grievance Procedures

Procedures for student grievances are found on page 344 in the JCSU Academic Catalog.  In the event of a grievance regarding and Academic issue, the aggrieved student must initiate the process.

·         This requires brining the grievance to the person against whom it is being made, such as instructor, staff person or administrator.  If the grievance is resolved at this time, no further action is needed but both student and respondent should keep a record of the complaint with copies forwarded to the Council of Deans Office and Academic Affairs.

·         If the grievance is not resolved, the student is entitled to bring the concern to the supervisor of the person against whom the complaint is being made, such as a Department Chair.  If the grievance is resolved with the person, no further action is needed but student and both respondents should keep a record and the person against whom the complaint was made should be informed of the resolution with copies forwarded to the Council of Deans and Academic Affairs.

·         If the grievance is not resolved, the same procedure moves up the leadership chain, such as to the College Dean, Council of Deans, then to the President of the University.  A determination by the Office of the President is final.

 

Student Conduct & Discipline

Academic exce3llence demands that appropriate behavior and decorum be maintained by students at all times in the classroom.  JCSU will not tolerate disruptive behavior by students or condone any behavior by students or teachers which incites such behavior.  Disrupting behavior is defined here as any behavior which causes disorder or turmoil to exist in the classroom.

When the student is judged to have engaged in disruptive behavior, the instructor shall initiate the following procedures:

1.       The instructor will request the student to discontinue the disruptive action

2.      If the student continues, the instructor will instruct the student to leave the classroom.  Security will be called to remove the student if he or she does not leave as requested.

3.      An incident report will then be completed by the instructor and filed with the Vice President of Academic Affairs.  Copies will be sent to the student, advisor, Office of Enrollment Services and Student Success and the Office of Freshman through Senior Year Experience.

4.      After the completion of an incident report, including the student’s comments, the student must secure the written permission of the Vice President for Academic Affairs in order to return to class.  The student will be held responsible for all absences incurred between the time of suspension from class and their return.

5.      Any recurrence of disruptive behavior on the part of the student cited will result in expulsion from the class and a grade of “F” recorded in the semester in which the offense occurred.

 

University Honor Code

The University Honor Code is enforced by the Office of Academic Affairs and the University Judiciary Board.  The Honor Code states:

 

I pledge that this work is my own and I will not cheat, or represent the words, ideas, or projects of others as my own.  I further pledge that I will not engage in academic dishonesty, which includes lying, stealing or assisting others in misrepresenting their work.  As a member of the student body of Johnson C. Smith University, I also pledge to report all violations of the Honor Code that I observe in others.  I understand that violations of the Honor Code are subject to disciplinary procedures by the University.

 

Student Disability Policy

Johnson C. Smith University is committed to providing equal educational opportunities for all students and assisting students in making their college experiences successful and positive.  The Disability Services program serves the special needs of students with disabilities.  Individuals requesting service should provide documentation of their disability from their physician or other professional. The information should be forwarded to the Disabilities Services Office.

Students are encouraged to schedule a meeting with the disabilities Services Coordinator and the Coordinator of Health Services.

 

Definition

Johnson C. Smith University defines disabilities in the following manner: A disabled person is anyone who:

1.       Has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person’s major life activities;

2.      Had a record of such impairment; or

3.      Is regarded as having such impairment.

The term physical or mental impairment includes, but is not limited to speech, hearing, visual or orthopedic impairments, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, cancer diabetes, mental retardation, emotional illness and specific learning disabilities, such as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, dyslexia, minimal brain dysfunction and developmental disorder or aphasia.